Minimaze

The minimaze procedures are minimally invasive cardiac surgical procedures intended to cure atrial fibrillation(AF), a common disturbance of heart rhythm. Minimaze refers to "mini" versions of the original Maze surgery.

History of Surgical Procedures for Cure of AF

The Cox Maze Procedure

James Cox, MD, and associates developed the "Maze" or "Cox Maze" procedure, an open-heart cardiac surgeryprocedure intended to eliminate atrial fibrillation, and performed the first one in 1987 (Cox 1991). ?Maze? refers to the series of incisions arranged in a maze-like pattern in the atria. The intention was to eliminate AFby using incisional scars to block abnormal electrical circuits (atrial macroreentry) that AFrequires. This required an extensive series of endocardial(from the inside of the heart) incisions through both atria, a median sternotomy (vertical incision through the breastbone) and cardiopulmonary bypass (heart-lung machine; extracorporeal circulation). A series of improvements were made, culminating in 1992 in the Cox Maze III procedure, which is now considered to be the "gold standard? for effective surgical cure of AF. It was quite successful in eliminating AF, but had drawbacks as well (Prasad 2003). The Cox Maze III is sometimes referred to as the ?Traditional Maze?, the ?Cut and Sew Maze?, or simply the "Maze".

Efforts have since been made to equal the success of the Cox Maze III while reducing surgical complexity and likelihood of complications. During the late 1990s, operations similar to the Cox Maze, but with fewer atrialincisions, led to the use of the terms "minimaze", "mini maze" and ?mini-maze? (Szalaya 1999), although these were still major operations.

A primary goal has been to perform a curative, "Maze-like" procedure epicardially (from the outside of the heart), so that it could be performed on a normally beating heart, without cardiopulmonary bypass. Until recently this was not thought possible; as recently as 2004, Dr. Cox defined the Mini-Maze as requiring an endocardialapproach:

?In summary, it would appear that placing the following lesions can cure most patients with atrial fibrillationof either type: pulmonary veinencircling incision, left atrial isthmus lesion with its attendant coronary sinus lesion, and the right atrialisthmus lesion. We call this pattern of atriallesions the ?Mini-Maze Procedure? ... None of the present energy sources?including cryotherapy, unipolar radiofrequency, irrigated radiofrequency, bipolar radiofrequency, microwave, and laser energy?are capable of creating the left atrial isthmus lesion from the epicardial surface, because of the necessity of penetrating through the circumflex coronary arteryto reach the left atrial wall near the posterior mitralannulus. Therefore, the Mini-Maze Procedure cannot be performed epicardially by means of any presently available energy source.? (Cox 2004)

The Advent of Minimally Invasive Epicardial Surgical Procedures for AF

Although Dr. Cox's 2004 definition specifically excludes an epicardial approach to eliminate AF, he and others pursued this important goal, and the meaning of the term changed as successful epicardial procedures were developed. In 2002 Saltman performed a completely endoscopicsurgical ablationof AF(Saltman 2003) and subsequently published their results in 14 patients (Salenger 2004). These were performed epicardially, on the beating heart, without cardiopulmonary bypass or median sternotomy. Their method came to be known as the minimaze or microwave minimaze procedure, because microwave energywas used to make the lesions that had previously been performed by the surgeon's scalpel.

Shortly thereafter, Randall K. Wolf, MD and others developed a procedure using radiofrequencyenergy rather than microwave, and different, slightly larger incisions. In 2005, he published his results in the first 27 patients (Wolf 2005). This came to be known as the Wolf MiniMaze procedure.

Today, the terms ?minimaze?, "mini-maze", and "mini maze" are still sometimes used to describe open heart procedures requiring cardiopulmonary bypass and median sternotomy, but are more commonly they refer to minimally invasive, epicardial procedures not requiring cardiopulmonary bypass, such as those developed by Saltman, Wolf, and others. These procedures are characterized by:

1. No median sternotomy incision; instead, an endoscopeand/or ?mini-thoracotomy? incisions between the ribs are used.
2. No cardiopulmonary bypass; instead, these procedures are performed on the normally beating heart.
3. Few or no actual incisions into the heart itself. The "maze" lesions are made epicardially by using radiofrequency, microwave, or ultrasonicenergy, or by cryosurgery.
4. The part of the left atriumin which most clots form (the ?appendage?) is usually removed, in an effort to reduce the long-term likelihood of stroke.

Types of Minimaze Procedures

Microwave minimaze

Completely Endoscopic Microwave Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation on the Beating Heart Using Bilateral Thoracoscopy: The microwave minimaze requires three 5mm to 1cm incisions on each side of the chest for the surgical tools and the endoscope. The pericardiumis entered, and two sterile rubber tubes are threaded behind the heart, in the transverse and oblique sinuses. These tubes are joined together, then used to guide the flexible microwaveantenna energy source through the sinuses behind the heart, to position it for ablation. Energy is delivered and the atrialtissue heated and destroyed in a series of steps as the microwaveantenna is withdrawn behind the heart. The lesions form a "box-like" pattern around all four pulmonary veinsbehind the heart. The left atrial appendage is usually removed (Saltman 2003, Salenger 2004). A very thorough description of the procedureis available.

Wolf MiniMaze

Video-assisted Bilateral Epicardial Bipolar Radiofrequency Pulmonary Vein Isolation and Left Atrial Appendage Excision: The Wolf MiniMaze requires one 5cm and two 1cm incisions on each side of the chest. These incisions allow the surgeon to maneuver the tools, view areas through an endoscope, and to see the heart directly. The right side of the left atriumis exposed first. A clamp-like tool is positioned on the left atrium nearthe right pulmonary veins, and the atrialtissue is heated between the jaws of the clamp, cauterizing the area. The clamp is removed. The autonomicnerves (ganglionated plexi) that may cause AF(Coumel 1994) may be eliminated as well. Subsequently the left side of the chest is entered. The ligament of Marshall (a vestigial structure with marked autonomicactivity) is removed. The clamp is subsequently positioned on the left atriumnear the left pulmonary veinsfor ablation. Direct testing to demonstrate complete electrical isolation of the pulmonary veins, and that the ganglionated plexi are no longer active, may be performed (Wolf 2005).

High Intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU) minimaze

Surgical ablation of atrial fibrillation with off-pump, epicardial, high-intensity focused ultrasound: Although the HIFU minimaze is performed epicardially, on the normally beating heart, it is also usually performed in conjunction with other cardiac surgery, and so would not be minimally invasive in those cases. An ultrasonicdevice is positioned epicardially, on the left atrium, around the pulmonary veins, and intense acoustic energy is directed at the atriumto destroy tissue in the appropriate regions near the pulmonary veins(Ninet 2005).

Mechanism of Elimination of Atrial Fibrillation

The mechanism by which AFis eliminated by curative procedures such as the Maze, minimaze, or catheter ablationis controversial. All successful methods destroy tissue in the areas of the left atriumnear the junction of the pulmonary veins, hence these regions are thought to be important. A concept gaining support is that paroxysmal AFis mediated in part by the autonomic nervous system (Coumel 1994) and that the intrinsic cardiac nervous system, which is located in these regions, plays an important role (Scherlag 2006). Supporting this is the finding that targeting these autonomic sites improves the likelihood of successful elimination of AFby catheter ablation(Pappone 2004, Scherlag 2005).

Patient Selection

The minimaze procedures are alternatives to catheter ablationof AF, and the patient selection criteria are similar. Patients are considered for minimaze procedures if they have moderate or severe symptoms and have failed medical therapy; asymptomatic patients are generally not considered. Those most likely to have a good outcome have paroxysmal (intermittent) AF, and have a heart that is relatively normal. Those with severely enlarged atria, marked cardiomyopathy, or severely leaking heart valvesare less likely to have a successful result; these procedures are generally not recommended for such patients. Previous cardiac surgeryprovides technical challenges due to scarring on the outside of the heart, but does not always preclude minimaze surgery.

Surgical Results

Long-term success of the minimaze procedures awaits a consensus. Attaining a consensus is hindered by several problems; perhaps the most important of these is incomplete or inconsistent post-procedure follow-up to determine if atrial fibrillationhas recurred (Prasad 2003). It has been clearly demonstrated that longer or more intensive follow-up identifies much more recurrent atrial fibrillation(Israel 2004), hence a procedure with more careful follow-up will appear to be less successful. In addition, procedures continue to evolve rapidly, so long follow-up data do not accurately reflect current procedural methods. For more recent minimaze procedures, only relatively small and preliminary reports are available. A new metric ("Single Procedure Risk Adjusted Success") has been proposed in an attempt to control for some of these inconsistencies, but it has not been widely accepted. With those caveats in mind, it can be said that reported short-term success rates range from 67% to 91% (Salenger 2004, Wolf 2005, Ninet 2005).

References

• Coumel P. Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation: a disorder of autonomic tone? Eur Heart J. 1994 Apr;15 Suppl A:9-16. PMID 8070496

• Cox JL, Schuessler RB, D'Agostino HJ, Stone CM, Chang BC, Cain ME, Corr PB, Boineau JP. The surgical treatment of atrial fibrillation. III. Development of a definitive surgical procedure. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1991 Apr;101(4):569-83. PMID 2008095

• Cox JL. The Role of Surgical Intervention in the Management of Atrial Fibrillation.Tex Heart Inst J. 2004; 31(3): 257?265. PMID 15562846

• Israel CW, Grönefeld G, Ehrlich JR, Li Y-G, Hohnloser SH. Long-term risk of recurrent atrial fibrillation as documented by an implantable monitoring device: Implications for optimal patient care.J Am Coll Cardiol, 2004; 43:47-52. PMID 14715182

• Ninet J, Roques X, Seitelberger R, Deville C, Pomar JL, Robin J, Jegaden O, Wellens F, Wolner E, Vedrinne C, Gottardi R, Orrit J, Billes M-A, Hoffmann DA, Cox JL, Champsaur GL. Surgical ablation of atrial fibrillation with off-pump, epicardial, high-intensity focused ultrasound: Results of a multicenter trial.J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2005;130:803. PMID 16153932

• Pappone C, Santinelli V, Manguso F, Vicedomini G, Gugliotta F, Augello G, Mazzone P, Tortoriello V, Landoni G, Zangrillo A, Lang C, Tomita T, Mesas C, Mastella E, Alfieri O. Pulmonary Vein Denervation Enhances Long-Term Benefit After Circumferential Ablation for Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation Circulation. 2004 Jan 27;109(3):327-34. PMID 14707026

• Prasad SM, Maniar HS, Camillo CJ, Schuessler RB, Boineau JP, Sundt TM, Cox JL, Damiano RJ. The Cox maze III procedure for atrial fibrillation: long-term efficacy in patients undergoing lone versus concomitant procedures.J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2003;126:1822-1827 PMID: 14688693

• Salenger R, Lahey SJ, Saltman AE. The completely endoscopic treatment of atrial fibrillation: report on the first 14 patients with early results.Heart Surg Forum. 2004;7(6):E555-8. PMID 15769685

• Saltman AE, Rosenthal LS, Francalancia NA, Lahey SJ. A completely endoscopic approach to microwave ablation for atrial fibrillation.Heart Surg Forum. 2003;6(3):E38-41. PMID 12821436

• Scherlag BJ, Nakagawa H, Jackman WM, Yamanashi WS, Patterson E, Po S, Lazzara R. Electrical stimulation to identify neural elements on the heart: their role in atrial fibrillation.J Interv Card Electrophysiol. 2005 Aug;13 Suppl 1:37-42. PMID 16133854

• Scherlag BJ, Po S. The intrinsic cardiac nervous system and atrial fibrillation. Curr Opin Cardiol. 2006 Jan;21(1):51-4. PMID 16355030

• Szalaya ZA, Skwaraa W, Pitschnerb H-F, Faudeb I, Klövekorna W-P, Bauera EP. Midterm results after the mini-maze procedure.Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 1999;16:306-311. PMID 10554849

• Wolf RK, Schneeberger EW, Osterday R, Miller D, Merrill W, Flege JB, Gillinov AM. Video-assisted bilateral pulmonary vein isolation and left atrial appendage exclusion for atrial fibrillation.J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2005;130:797-802. PMID 16153931

Further Reading

A more complete current listing of minimaze references can be obtained by this search at the Cardiothoracic Surgery Network.

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License.
It uses material from the http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimaze Wikipedia article Minimaze.