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PhilanthropyPhilanthropy is the voluntary act of donatingmoney or goods or providing some other support to a charitable cause, usually over an extended period of time. In a more fundamental sense, philanthropy may encompass any activity which is intended to enhance the common goodor improve human well being. Someone who is well known for practicing philanthropy may sometimes be called a philanthropist. Although such individuals are often very wealthy, people may nevertheless perform philanthropic acts without possessing great wealth. Philanthropy is a major source of income for artistic, musical, religious, and humanitariancauses, as well as educational institutions ranging from schools to universities (see patronage).
Philosophical views on philanthropyPhilanthropy is not always viewed as a universal good. Notable thinkers such as Friedrich Nietzscheopposed philanthropy on philosophicalgrounds, connecting it with the idea of the weak leeching off the strong. Ayn Randis another major thinker with similar views. The purpose of philanthropy is also debated. Some equate philanthropy with benevolence and charity for the poor and needy. Others hold that philanthropy can go towards any kind of social need that is not served by the market. Political views on philanthropyPhilanthropy is a private sectormeans of effecting social changewithout recourse to governmentmechanisms such as those represented by aid programs. Governments are often supportive of philanthropic efforts. In many countries, those who donate money to a charity are given a tax break. (The United States provides the most generous tax deductions for charity than any other nation.) At one extreme of this kind of thought, there is a school of American Republicanthinking that wishes to eliminate all government granting programs, and which avers that philanthropy will provide for all deserving charitable needs. Social activism and philanthropySocial activists frequently criticize philanthrophic contributions by corporations whom activists consider "suspect". An example is the Harvard, Exxon, and South Africa case. Harvard Universitydivested itself of Exxonstock after pressure and accusations that Exxon's doing business in South Africa contributed to apartheid. But when asked if they still wanted to receive philanthropic contributions from Exxon, Harvard said "yes". Some considered this morally inconsistent. If Harvard remained a stockholder, it could have voted to stop operations in the country. Instead it walked away. Exxon did in fact stop doing business in South Africa, as did other companies like Xerox, thereby costing employees their jobs and South Africa several contributors to a healthy economy. On the other hand, the international embargo against South Africa finally forced the white minority to grant political and human rights to its black and coloured citizens. Uses of the wordBy the conventional definition of philanthropy, only a wealthy person can be a philanthropist. Many non-wealthy individuals have dedicated – thus, donated – their lives to charitable causes but are not described as philanthropists. Whether the donation of time or money, the end result should be the betterment of human beings and of mankind. This is the true philosophy of the Philanthropist. Robert L. Payton expanded the conventional defintion of philanthropy in his 1988 book "Philanthropy: Voluntary Action For the Public Good." The text of this book and many of his writings are available at PaytonPapers. See also
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es:Filantropía fr:Philanthropie no:Filantropi pt:Filantropia Categories: Cleanup from December 2005| Philanthropy| Ethics| Social philosophy
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