Hairy cell leukemia
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ICD9 = | ICDO = 9940/3 | OMIM = | MedlinePlus = | eMedicineSubj = med | eMedicineTopic = 937 | MeshID = D007943 |Hairy cell leukemia is a mature B cell neoplasm. It is usually classified as a sub-type of chronic lymphoid leukemia for convenience. It is uncommon, representing about 2% of all leukemias, or less than a total of 2000 new cases diagnosed each year in North America and Western Europe combined. Originally known as histiocytic leukemia, malignant reticulosis, or lymphoid myelofibrosis in publications dating back to the 1920s, this disease was formally named leukemic reticuloendotheliosis and its characterization significantly advanced by Bertha Bouroncle, M.D., and her colleagues at the Ohio State University College of Medicine in 1958. Its common name, which was coined in 1966, is derived from the appearance of the cells under a microscope.
Classification
Two variants have been described: Hairy cell leukemia-variant[http://ajcp.metapress.com/link.asp?id=8qytyq1clqmhq9cl], which usually is diagnosed in older men (median age above 70), and a Japanese variant. The non-Japanese variant is more difficult to treat than either 'classic' HCL or the Japanese variant HCL.Hairy cell leukemia-variant, or HCL-V, is usually described as a prolymphocytic variant of hairy cell leukemia. It was first formally described in 1980 by a paper from the University of Cambridge's Hayhoe lab. About 10% of HCL patients have this variant form of the disease, representing about 60-75 new HCL-V patients each year in the U.S. While classic HCL primarily affects men, HCL-V is somewhat more evenly divided between males and females.Similar to B-PLL in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia, HCL-V is a more aggressive disease which is harder to treat successfully than classic HCL. Many treatment approaches, such as Interferon-alpha, CHOP and common alkylating agents like cyclophosphamide provide very little benefit. Pentostatin and cladribine provide some benefit to many HCL-V patients, but with shorter remissions and lower response rates compared to classic HCL. More than half of patients respond partially to splenectomy. In terms of B cell development, the prolymphocytes are less developed than lymphocyte cells or plasma cells, but are still more developed than their lymphoblastic precursors.HCL-V differs from classic HCL principally in these respects:
Symptoms
In hairy cell leukemia, the broken "hairy cells" build up in the bone marrow, which means that the bone marrow has difficulty producing enough normal cells: white blood cells to fight infections, red blood cells to carry oxygen, and platelets to stop bleeding. Consequently, patients usually present with infection, anemia-related fatigue, and/or easy bleeding.Most symptoms are often vague, such as "persistent fatigue" or "not feeling well." Some of the leukemic cells may gather in the spleen and cause it to swell; this can have the side effect of making the person feel full even when they haven't eaten much. Hairy cell leukemia is commonly diagnosed after a routine blood count shows unexpectedly low numbers for one or more kinds of blood cells, or after unexplained bruises or unexplained infections, such as repeated bouts of pneumonia in an otherwise apparently healthy patient. Platelet function may be somewhat impaired in HCL patients, although this does not appear to have any significant practical effect. It may result in somewhat more mild bruises than would otherwise be expected for a given platelet count or a mildly increased bleeding time for a minor cut. It is likely the result of producing slightly abnormal platelets in the overstressed bone marrow tissue. Patients with a high tumor burden may also have somewhat reduced levels of cholesterol, especially in patients with an enlarged spleen. Cholesterol levels return to more normal values with successful treatment of HCL.Cause
The cause is unknown, but generally believed not to be caused by tobacco, ionizing radiation, pesticides, or industrial chemicals other than possibly diesel. Farming and gardening appear to increase the risk in some studies. The possibility that HCL is caused by a random accident during routine cell division can not be ruled out.Diagnosis
The diagnostic path may have begun with a simple test like a complete blood count, but this is not adequate to diagnose HCL. A CBC normally shows low counts for white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets in HCL patients, but if large numbers of hairy cells are in the blood stream, then normal or even high lymphocyte counts may be found.Most patients require a bone marrow biopsy for proper diagnosis. The bone marrow biopsy is used to confirm the presence of HCL and also the absence of any secondary disease. Abnormal white blood cells bearing hair-like projections from the cytoplasm are seen on blood film examination or bone marrow biopsy. The diagnosis can be confirmed by viewing the cells with a special stain, known as TRAP, or tartrate resistant acid phosphatase. It is also possible to definitively diagnose hairy cell leukemia through a flow cytometry blood test which identifies characteristic proteins on the cell surfaces. These cancerous cells are larger than normal and positive for CD19, CD20, CD22, CD11c, CD25, CD103, and FMC7. Hairy cell leukemia-variant (HCL-V), which shares some characteristics with B cell prolymphocytic leukemia (B-PLL), does not show CD25 (also called the Interleukin-2 receptor, alpha). As this is relatively new and expensive technology, its adoption by physicians is not uniform, despite the advantages of comfort, simplicity, and safety for the patient when compared to a bone marrow biopsy. Because a patient could have more than one similar disease, it is also necessary to rule out the presence of leukemias and lymphomas such as SMZL or B-PLL. The presence of these diseases is easily checked during a flow cytometry test, where they characteristically show different results. Careful review of bone marrow biopsy samples is also reliable for this purpose. On physical exam, patients may display massive splenomegaly. This is less likely among patients who are diagnosed through routine blood work, when the disease is at an early stage. Enlarged lymph nodes appear in a few patients.Pathology of Hairy Cells
Hairy cells are nearly mature, activated clonal cells with signs of VH gene differentiation. They may be related to memory cells.While there are few genomic imbalances in the hairy cells, the expression of genes is dysregulated in a complex and specific pattern. The cells underexpress 3p24, 3p21, 3q13.3-q22, 4p16, 11q23, 14q22-q24, 15q21-q22, 15q24-q25, and 17q22-q24 and overexpress 13q31 and Xq13.3-q21. It has not yet been demonstrated that any of these changes have any practical significance to the patient.Treatment
Several treatments are available, and successful control of the disease is common. Not everyone needs treatment. Treatment is usually given when the symptoms of the disease interfere with the patient's everyday life, or when white blood cell or platelet counts decline to dangerously low levels, such as an absolute neutrophil count below one thousand cells per microliter (1.0 K/uL). Not all patients need treatment immediately upon diagnosis, and about 10% of patients will never need treatment. Treatment delays are less important than in solid tumors. Unlike most cancers, treatment success does not depend on treating the disease at an early stage. Because delays do not affect treatment success, there are no standards for how quickly a patient should receive treatment. However, waiting too long can cause its own problems, such as an infection that might have been avoided by proper treatment to restore immune system function. Also, having a higher number of hairy cells at the time of treatment can make certain side effects somewhat worse, as some side effects are primarily caused by the body's natural response to the dying hairy cells. This can result in the hospitalization of a patient whose treatment would otherwise be carried out entirely at his hematologist's office. Single-drug treatment is normal. Unlike most cancers, only one drug is normally given to a patient at a time. While monotherapy is normal, combination therapy -- typically using one first-line therapy and one second-line therapy -- is being studied in current clinical trials and is increasingly used for refractory cases. It is unclear whether combining rituximab with cladribine or pentostatin will produce any practical benefit to the patient.[http://bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org/cgi/content/abstract/107/12/4658] Combination therapy is almost never used with a new patient. Because the success rates with purine analog monotherapy are already so high, the additional benefit from immediate treatment with a second drug in a treatment-naïve patient is very low. For example, one round of either cladribine or pentostatin gives the median first-time patient a ten-year remission; the addition of rituximab, which gives the median patient only three or four years, is reasonably expected to provide no additional value for this easily treated patient. In a more difficult case, however, the benefit from the first drug may be substantially reduced and therefore a combination may provide some benefit. First-line therapy: purine analog chemotherapy
Cladribine (2CDA) and pentostatin (DCF) are the two most common first-line therapies. Cladribine is a kind of mild chemotherapy which can be administered by injection under the skin, by infusion over a couple of hours into a vein, or by a pump worn by the patient that provides a slow drip into a vein, 24 hours a day for 7 days. Most patients receive cladribine by IV infusion once a day for five to seven days, but more patients are being given the option of taking this drug once a week for six weeks. The different dosing schedules used with cladribine are approximately equally effective and equally safe. Relatively few patients have significant side effects other than fatigue and a high fever caused by the cancer cells dying, although complications like infection and acute kidney failure have been seen. Pentostatin is chemically similar to cladribine, and has a similar success rate and side effect profile, but it is always given over a much longer period of time, usually one dose by IV infusion every two weeks for three to six months.(A third related chemical, fludarabine, is not used for hairy cell leukemia, despite being chemically similar.)During the weeks following treatment the patient's immune system is severely weakened, but his bone marrow will begin to produce normal blood cells again. Treatment often results in long-term remission. About 85% of patients achieve a complete response from treatment with either cladribine or pentostatin, and another 10% receive some benefit from these drugs, although there is no permanent cure for this disease. If the cancer cells return, the treatment may be repeated and should again result in remission, although the odds of success decline with repeated treatment. Remission lengths vary significantly, from one year to more than twenty years. The median patient can expect a treatment-free interval of about ten years.It does not seem to matter which drug a patient receives. A patient who is not successfully treated with one of these two drugs has a reduced chance of being successfully treated with the other. However, there are other options.Second-line therapy: immunotherapy
If a patient is resistant to either cladribine or pentostatin, then second-line therapy is pursued. Monoclonal antibodies The most common treatment for cladribine-resistant disease is infusing monoclonal antibodies which destroy cancerous B cells. Rituximab is by far the most commonly used. Most patients receive one IV infusion over several hours each week for four to eight weeks. A 2003 publication found two partial and ten complete responses out of 15 patients with relapsed disease, for a total of 80% responding. The median patient (including non-responders) did not require further treatment for more than three years. This eight-dose study had a higher response rate than a four-dose study at Scripps, which achieved only 25% response rate. Rituximab has successfully induced a complete response in Hairy Cell-Variant.Rituximab's major side effect is serum sickness, commonly described as an "allergic reaction", which can be severe, especially on the first infusion. Serum sickness is primarily caused by the antibodies clumping during infusion and triggering the complement cascade. Although most patients find that side effects are adequately controlled by anti-allergy drugs, some severe, and even fatal, reactions have occurred. Consequently, the first dose is always given in a hospital setting, although subsequent infusions may be given in a physician's office. Remissions are usually shorter than with the preferred first-line drugs, but hematologic remissions of several years' duration are not uncommon. Other B cell-destroying monoclonal antibodies such as Alemtuzumab, Ibritumomab tiuxetan and I-131 Tositumomab may be considered for refractory cases.Interferon-alpha Interferon-alpha is an immune system hormone which is very helpful to a relatively small number of patients, and somewhat helpful to most patients. Most commonly, in about 65% of patients, the drug helps stabilize the disease or produce a slow, minor improvement for a partial response. The typical dosing schedule injects at least 3 million units of Interferon-alpha (not pegylated versions) three times a week, although the original protocol began with six months of daily injections. Some patients tolerate IFN-alpha very well after the first couple of weeks, while others find that its characteristic flu-like symptoms persist. Perhaps as many as 40% of patients develop a level of depression. It is possible that, by maintaining a steadier level of the hormone in the body, that daily injections might cause fewer side effects in selected patients. Drinking at least two liters of water each day, while avoiding caffeine and alcohol, can reduce many of the side effects.A drop in blood counts is usually seen during the first one to two months of treatment. Most patients find that their blood counts get worse for a few weeks immediately after starting treatment, although some patients find their blood counts begin to improve within just two weeks.It typically takes six months to figure out whether this therapy is useful. Common criteria for treatment success include:Experimental therapies
Three immunotoxin drugs are in Phase II trials at the NIH's National Cancer Institute in the U.S.: BL22, HA22 and LMB-2. All of these protein-based drugs combine part of an anti-B cell antibody with a bacterial toxin to kill the cells on internalization. BL22 and HA22 attack a common protein called CD22, which is present on hairy cells and healthy B cells. LMB-2 attacks a protein called CD25, which is not present in HCL-variant, so LMB-2 is only useful for patients with HCL-classic or the Japanese variant.All three of these therapies are available only at the National Cancer Institute in Bethesda, Maryland, USA. While initial results are generally favorable, it is likely to be a number of years before these drugs are available on the market. For the latest on HA22 ( AKA CAT-8015) visit http://www.cancer.gov/search/viewclinicaltrials.aspx?version=healthprofessional&cdrid=562490Other treatment options
Splenectomy can produce long-term remissions in patients whose spleens seem to be heavily involved, but its success rate is noticeably lower than cladribine or pentostatin. Splenectomies are also performed for patients whose persistently enlarged spleens cause significant discomfort or in patients whose persistently low platelet counts suggest Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura.Bone marrow transplants are usually shunned in this highly treatable disease because of the inherent risks in the procedure. They may be considered for refractory cases in younger, otherwise healthy individuals. "Mini-transplants" are possible.Patients with anemia or thrombocytopenia may also receive red blood cells and platelets through blood transfusions. Blood transfusions are always irradiated to remove white blood cells and thereby reduce the risk of graft-versus-host disease. Patients may also receive a hormone to stimulate production of red blood cells. These treatments may be medically necessary, but do not kill the hairy cells.Patients with low neutrophil counts may be given filgrastim or a similar hormone to stimulate production of white blood cells. However, a 1999 study indicates that routine administration of this expensive injected drug has no practical value for HCL patients after cladribine administration. In this study, patients who received filgrastim were just as likely to experience a high fever and to be admitted to the hospital as those who didn't, even though the drug artificially inflated their white blood cell counts. This study leaves open the possibility that filgrastim may still be appropriate for patients who have symptoms of infection, or at times other than immediately after cladribine treatment.Although hairy cells are technically long-lived, instead of rapidly dividing, some late-stage patients are treated with broad-spectrum chemotherapy agents such as methotrexate that are effective at killing rapidly dividing cells. This is not typically attempted unless all other options have been exhausted and it is typically unsuccessful.Prognosis
More than 95% of new patients are treated well or at least adequately by cladribine or pentostatin.[http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/abstract/112133291/ABSTRACT?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0] A majority of new patients can expect a disease-free remission time span of about ten years, or sometimes much longer after taking one of these drugs just once. If re-treatment is necessary in the future, the drugs are normally effective again, although, statistically, the length of the remission may be somewhat shorter.How soon after treatment a patient feels "normal" again depends on several factors, including:
Prevention/Screening
Because the cause is unknown, no effective preventive measures can be taken.Because the disease is rare, routine screening is not cost-effective.Epidemiology
This disease is rare, with fewer than 1 in 10,000 people being diagnosed with HCL during their lives. Most patients are white males over the age of 50, although it has been diagnosed in at least one teenager (PMID 11554237). Men are four to five times more likely to develop hairy cell leukemia than women. It does not appear to be hereditary, although occasional familial cases have been reported, usually showing a common HLA type.
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